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Room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts that have melting points below 100 °C. Because of their negligible vapor pressure, electrochemical and thermal stability, and wide liquid range, ILs have been extensively used in applications as “green” replacements for conventional solvents in separations, chemical synthesis, and electrochemistry or in sustainable technologies, such as CO2- entrainment, biomass processing, and dye-sensitized solar cells. In this talk I will briefly describe some of these applications and also fundamental studies in our laboratories to understand how the structure of the ions and liquid morphology affect physicochemical properties. Examples will include differential scanning calorimetric measurements of protein denaturation by ILs and the nonlinear optical spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations of small molecules in ILs.